Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Soil Solution by Online Microdialysis-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MD-HPLC-ICP-MS)

The differentiation of trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent (Cr(VI)) chromium in soil and sediments is of great interest, motivated by the significant differences in toxicity and mobility. The more toxic Cr(VI) species unfortunately is also more mobile and bioavailable in the soil-water systems compared to Cr(III) and is therefore also more likely to be transferred from contaminated soil to drainage water and into plants or aquifers.

The accurate determination of Cr(VI) in solid matrices such as soil or sediments is challenging due to the potential for species interconversion during extraction and analysis, especially when the sampling approach is disturbing the equilibrium within the sampled medium. The kinetics of Cr species interconversions in soil-pore water systems are of particular interest for understanding the transportation of Cr(VI) from contaminated soil into groundwater systems. To follow such processes with conventional sampling approaches produces large numbers of samples prone to artefactual errors.

In order to overcome such problems and to follow interconversion of species more dynamically, a UK-based team of researchers proposes to use microdialysis (MD) as a passive sampling approach for soil solution. The microdialysis system is using a probe having a semipermeable membrane with a specific molecular weight cut off; the continuous pumping of a perfusate solution into the probe creates a diffusion gradient within the sampled medium, causing solutes to diffuse across the membrane. The solution exciting the probe (dialysate), containing the sampled chromium species, is then analysed by chromium speciation analysis. The researchers have developed a method using the hyphenation of MD with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) for this task.

The optimization and calibration of the system was first performed by using stirred solution as sampled medium. A perfusate flow rate of 3 µL/Min was chosen as a compromise to obtain a high relative recovery of Cr(VI) from the samples medium of 55% and to allow a high temporal resolution of 15 min. The detection limit for the optimized conditions was 0.2 µg/L Cr(VI), a factor of 4 higher than for the direct HPLC-ICP-MS method. The calibration over the range 1-100 µg/L was highly linear.

The optimized method was then used for the analysis of soil solutions of three types of soil. The samples were chosen due to their total Cr(VI) content, but also to provide a range of physicochemical properties to demonstrate the robustness of the approach. The system sampled and analysed fresh soil solutions at 15 min intervals, offering improved temporal resolution and a significant reduction  in analysis time over offline methods.

The authors also mention, that further improvements with respect to temporal resolution are possible by using more dedicated sample introduction systems such as low flow total consumption nebulizers. They also indicate that the approach could be used for other common inorganic species of interest.

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Brief summary: ICP-MS - A versatile detection system for speciation analysis

Brief summary: Non-chromatographic separation techniques for speciation analysis 

Brief summary: Standard methods for chromium speciation analysis

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last time modified: September 19, 2024