Speciation analysis focusing on the determination of elemental species is relying on highly sensitive and also selective analytical methods. Only very few techniques provide such detection power. Most often these characteristics are realized by a combination of a selective separation method with a sensitive detection technique. In principle, all separation techniques can be used, although chromatographic techniques facilitate the on-line coupling, since the instruments are already prepared to be used with techniques such as spectrometry and mass spectrometry.
Liquid-liquid extraction
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Anyhow, non-chromatographic separation techniques can also be used for
speciation analysis, although their limited separation power does not
allow for the separation of many species but rather for the separation
of fractions. Such fractionation can be used as sample pre-treatment for
following speciation analysis per-forming matrix removal and
preconcentration of target species or simply provide first information
of fractions of element species (see fractionation...). In cases, where
only two fractions have to be differentiated, such techniques can
provide "binary speciation" by providing information for inorganic vs.
organic species or highly oxidized vs. low oxidized species such as
Cr(VI)/Cr(III), Fe(III)/Fe(II), As(V)/AsIII), Se(VI)/Se(IV) etc.
Non-chromatographic separation methods used for such purpose are :
- Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE)
- Precipitation
- Filtration/Ultrafiltration
- Dialysis
- Distillation
- Derivatization (Hydride generation)
While
these separation methods cannot as easily be coupled on-line with
detection techniques as chromatographic ones, flow injection (FI) and
sequential injection provides some means of automation and coupling for
these methods. Anyhow, if fit for purpose, such techniques can provide methods that
offer sufficient information on the elemental speciation for a series of
situations. Moreover, these non-chromatographic strategies can be less time-consuming, more cost-effective and available, and present
competitive limits of detection.
Related Reviews (newest first)
I. Morales-Benítez, P. Montoro-Leal1, J.C. García-Mesa, J. Verdeja-Galán, E.I. Vereda Alonso,
Magnetic graphene oxide as a valuable material for the speciation of trace elements. Trends Anal. Chem., 157 (2022) 116777.
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116777
H.Y. Yang, R. Jian, J. Liao, J. Cui, P. Fang, Z.R. Zou, K. Huang,
Recent development of non-chromatogtraphic atomic spectrometry for speciation analysis of mercury, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 57/6 (2021) 441-460.
DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2021.1893183
Marcos Almeida Bezerra, Uillian Mozart Ferreira da Mata Cerqueira, Sérgio Luís Costa Ferreira, Cleber Galvão Novaes, Franciele Castro Novais, Gisseli Souza Valasques & Bruno Novaes da Silva (2021):
Recent developments in the application of cloud point extraction as procedure for speciation of trace elements, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 57/4 (2022) 338-352.
DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2021.1916516
K.K. Jinadasa, E. Pena-Vazquez, P. Bermejo-Barrera, A. Moreda-Pineiro,
New adsorbents based on imprinted polymers and composite nanomaterials for arsenic and mercury screening/speciation: A review, Microchem. J., 156 (2020) 104886.
DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104886
S.L.C. Ferreira, J.B. Perreira Junior, L.C. Almeida, L.B. Santos, V.A. Lemos, C.G. Novaes, O.M.C. de Oliveira, A.F.S. Queiroz,
Strategies for inorganic speciation analysis employing spectrometric techniques - A Review, Microchem. J., 153 (2020) 104402.
DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104402
J. Werner, T. Grzeskowiak, A. Zgola-Grzeskowiak, E. Stanisz,
Recent trends in microextraction techniques used in the determination of arsenic species, Trends Anal. Chem., 105 (2018) 121-136.
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.006
C. Herrero-Latorre, J. Barciela-Garcia, S. Garcia-Martin, R.M. Pena-Crecente,
Graphene and carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbents for the speciation of chromium: A review, Anal.- Chim. Acta, 1002 (2018) 1-17.
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.042
Helen C. Rezende, Ione L. S. Almeida, Luciana M. Coelho, Nívia M. M. Coelho, Thiago L. Marques,
Non-chromatographic methods focused on speciation of arsenic and selenium in food and environmental samples, Sample Prep., 2 (2014) 31–48.
DOI: 10.2478/sampre-2014-0004
D. Das, U. Gupta, A.K. Das,
Recent developments in solid phase extraction in elemental speciation of environmenmtal samples with special reference to aqueous solutions, Trends Anal. Chem., 38 (2012) 163-171.
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.020 A. Gonzalvez, S. Armenta, M.L. Cervera, M. de la Guardia,
Non-chromatographic speciation, Trends Anal. Chem-, 29/3 (2010) 260-268.
DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2009.12.006 A. Gonzalvez, M.L. Cervera, S. Armenta, M. de la Guardia,
A review of non-chromatographic methods for speciation analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 636 (2009) 129–157.
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.06 Mariana A. Vieira, Patricia Grinberg, Cláudio R.R. Bobeda, Mariela N.M. Reyes, Reinaldo C. Campos,
Non-chromatographic atomic spectrometric methods in speciation analysis: A review, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 64 (2009) 459–476.
DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2009.04.010 B. Hu, F. Zheng, M. He, N. Zhang,
Capillary microextraction (CME) and its application to trace elements and their speciation, Anal. Chim. Acta, 650/1 (2009) 23-32.
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.002
M. de Almeida Bezerra, M.A. Zezzi Arruda, S.L. Costa Ferreira,
Cloud Point Extraction as a Procedure of Separation and Pre-Concentration for Metal Determination Using Spectroanalytical Techniques: A Review, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 40/3 (2005) 269-299.
DOI: 10.1080/05704920500230880.
Related EVISA Resources
Instrument database: Flow injection instruments Instrument database: Sample processing workstations Instrument database: Extraction apparatus Instrument database: SPE apparatus Related EVISA Resources: Brief summaries
About Speciation
Speciation as a discipline in Analytical Chemistry – Definitions
Why should elemental speciation be done ?
Why is elemental speciation analysis not done routinely ?
Speciation analysis as a tool to enhance the quality of life
Speciation and Toxicity
Research fields related to elemental speciation
Chemical speciation analysis for the life sciences
Chemical speciation analysis for nutrition and food science
Trace element speciation analysis for environmental sciences
Speciation analysis for the study of metallodrugs and their biomolecular interactions
Speciation Analysis - Striving for Quality
Problems to be solved in the field of speciation analysis
Error sources in speciation analysis - Overview
Sample preservation for speciation analysis - General recommendations
Species transformation during speciation analysis
Certified Reference Materials for Chemical Speciation Analysis
Standard methods for elemental speciation analysis
Further chapters on techniques and methodology for speciation analysis:
Chapter 1:
Tools for elemental speciation Chapter 2: ICP-MS - A versatile detection system for speciation analysis Chapter 3: LC-ICP-MS - The most often used hyphenated system for speciation analysis Chapter 4: GC-ICP-MS- A very sensitive hyphenated system for speciation analysis Chapter 5: CE-ICP-MS for speciation analysis Chapter 6: ESI-MS: The tool for the identification of species Chapter 7: Speciation Analysis - Striving for Quality Chapter 8: Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry as a Detection System for Speciation Analysis Chapter 9: Gas chromatography for the separation of elemental species Chapter 10: Plasma source detection techniques for gas chromatography Chapter 11: Fractionation as a first step towards speciation analysis Chapter 12: Flow-injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation analysis Chapter
13: Gel electrophoresis combined with laser ablation inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation analysis Chapter 14: Non-chromatographic separation techniques for speciation analysis
last time modified: September 24, 2024