Non-chromatographic separation techniques for speciation analysis

Anyhow, non-chromato-graphic separation techniques can also be used for speciation analysis, although their limited separation power does not allow for the separation of many species but rather for the separation of fractions. Such fractionation can be used as sample pre-treatment for following speciation analysis per-forming matrix removal and preconcentration of target species or simply provide first information of fractions of element species (see fractionation...). In cases, where only two fractions have to be differentiated, such techniques can provide "binary speciation" by providing information for inorganic vs. organic  species or highly oxidized vs. low oxidized species such as Cr(VI)/Cr(III), Fe(III)/Fe(II), As(V)/AsIII), Se(VI)/Se(IV) etc.

Non chromatographic separation methods used for such purpose are :

• Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
• Solid-phase extraction (SPE)
• Precipitation
• Filtration/Ultrafiltration
• Dialysis
• Distillation
• Derivatization (Hydride generation)

While these separation methods cannot as easily be coupled on-line with detection techniques as chromatographic ones, flow injection (FI) and sequential injection provides some means of automation and coupling for these methods. Anyhow, if fit for purpose, such techniques can provide methods that offer sufficient information on the elemental speciation for a series of situations. Moreover, these non-chromatographic strategies can be less time consuming, more cost effective and available, and present competitive limits of detection.

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Chapter 15: Liquid-liquid extraction in speciation analysis
Chapter 16: Solid-phase extraction in speciation analysis

Chapter 17: Mercury 'speciation analysis' by using thermal desorption analysis
Chapter 18: Multielement speciation analysis

Chapter 19: Chemical speciation modelling

last time modified: January 14, 2024